Szczepanski, Kallie. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Encyclopedia.com. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Omissions? The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Nothing is known of his end. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). 12 talking about this. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. (February 22, 2023). In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia ", Dai, Yingcong. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. id Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. And so the war was waged. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. View original page. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. 22 Feb. 2023 . White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. ." [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804.