Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. These are subsets of the political in its essence. TOK exhibition - TOK 2022: THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE WEBSITE FOR THE IBDP It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? A world-picture is only one constituent of a world-view. You used can in your questi. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! 22. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. relates some thing to some other thing. OMG! Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. Join. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. As the philosopher Kant said: The mind makes the object. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). Judgement itself is nottruth; judgement is only true when the reason for the connection is specified, when theratioor account is given. Doubt was a requisite for thought for it inspired wonder. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. 26. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. The material tools, the instruments, come after technology establishes its dominion in the realm of beings. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. 12. Techneis a know how that is established and derived from a knowledge by acquaintance or epistemology. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. This reign of the object as material thing, as the genuine substructure of all things, reaches into the area that we call the spiritual; into the sphere of the meaning and significance of language, of history, of the work of art, and all of the areas of knowledge of TOK. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects . The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. For knowledge to be accumulated and disseminated there must be both a communicator of the knowledge and an audience of hearers. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. Belief {Gk. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. Judgement is the connection between what is stated with that about which a statement is made. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. What is objectivity? The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. Whatever prompt you choose, it is important for you to develop your arguments so that they are clear to your listeners and readers. From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them . For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? There must be a corresponding relation or reality of the book, the table and the books place on the table. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. in the highest sense not experimental. I dont understand the link. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. The author If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. After having fought a Revolutionary War to replace someone who they believed was a tyrant (King George III), he claims that the USAs founding fathers wished to replace one form of tyranny with another. These have to do with communities. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. Of course, the prompt should involve some thought regarding how we treat the world and the inhabitants within it and some thought must be given to how money is involved in many situations and conditions that students will have to face once they have made the grade and succeeded in the game where knowledge is valued according to its applications. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. Underlying all this, even natural science with its mathematical calculations from within a frame, is the very idea of a world-picture. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. Enjoy!Links & fact checks can be found on www.TOKTalk.org. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. 32. r/IBO. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. The choices made by parents and students indicate what we consider to be knowledge of value. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. 21. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. They. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. This is the contradiction we live within. What is the truth that we are lacking in what we hold up as knowledge? We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. These second-order claims are justified using the principle of sufficient reason which usually involves an examination of the nature of the knowledge that you are investigating and the nature of the tools that are used to produce or acquire such knowledge. is. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. Knowledge somehow breaks the. 4. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Bookmark. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. Technology is that violence that is asserted upon nature which demands reasons for a beings being the way it is. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. 3. New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. What counts as a good justification for a claim? In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. The projecting of analogies or models is part of the erecting of a framework from which you will demonstrate how you have viewed the objects/images present and show them in a new light (possibly) to others. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? Our cognition, our conscious awareness, is a type of representational thinking which, in the presentation or the experience, some thing we encounter comes to stand, to a standstill, is put in a position or place. Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? TOK Exhibition by Hennd Benabderrazak - Prezi They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. These topics are too complex to go into here, but you could do some research on them before setting off on your journey to your Exhibition. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. This exhibition (done in 11th grade) was about how new equipment in the music industry was preliminary for the "SoundCloud Rap" era in hip-hop. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . Logos is a reckoning that orients ourselves to some other thing i.e. What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs The first year TOK exhibition with written commentary and 3 objects Bookmark Download TOK Exhibition A Like it? it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. . Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. I have written extensively on imagination in the link below and suggest a reading of this writing as a possible prod to further you along in your Exhibition of this way of knowing the world. The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. To reckon on something or rely on something means that we can expect it and to see it as something upon which we can build. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. Exhibition.pdf - Can New Knowledge Change Established Values or Beliefs One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. values and beliefs of an individual because they discover something new to their ears, eyes and. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. 11. If the "newly acquired knowledge" makes significantly more sense than the "established" values, it would seem to make good sense to change your values, providing the new knowledge does not violate your ethics or morals. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. In this search, we tend to look for things or at possible things which are far away from us rather than at those things that are nearest to us. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. 9. When the soul is not beautiful, it is ugly and deformed. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc.